Lipidomic investigation of the protective effects of Polygonum perfoliatum against chemical liver injury in mice / 中西医结合学报

OBJECTIVE@#Recent investigations have demonstrated that Polygonum perfoliatum L. can protect against chemical liver injury, but the mechanism behind its efficacy is still unclear. Therefore, we studied the pharmacological mechanism at work in P. perfoliatum protection against chemical liver injury.@*METHODS@#To evaluate the activity of P. perfoliatum against chemical liver injury, levels of alanine transaminase, lactic dehydrogenase, aspartate transaminase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and malondialdehyde were measured, alongside histological assessments of the liver, heart and kidney tissue. A nontargeted lipidomics strategy based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole-orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry method was used to obtain the lipid profiles of mice with chemical liver injury and following treatment with P. perfoliatum; these profiles were used to understand the possible mechanisms behind P. perfoliatum's protective activity.@*RESULTS@#Lipidomic studies indicated that P. perfoliatum protected against chemical liver injury, and the results were consistent between histological and physiological analyses. By comparing the profiles of liver lipids in model and control mice, we found that the levels of 89 lipids were significantly changed. In animals receiving P. perfoliatum treatment, the levels of 8 lipids were significantly improved, relative to the model animals. The results showed that P. perfoliatum extract could effectively reverse the chemical liver injury and significantly improve the abnormal liver lipid metabolism of mice with chemical liver injury, especially glycerophospholipid metabolism.@*CONCLUSION@#Regulation of enzyme activity related to the glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway may be involved in the mechanism of P. perfoliatum's protection against liver injury. Please cite this article as: Peng L, Chen HG, Zhou X. Lipidomic investigation of the protective effects of Polygonum perfoliatum against chemical liver injury in mice. J Integr Med. 2023; 21(3): 289-301.

Lipid nanoparticle delivery of siRNA targeting Cyp2e1 gene attenuates subacute alcoholic liver injury in mice / 浙江大学学报·医学版

OBJECTIVES@#To investigate the effect and mechanism of lipid nanoparticle (LNP) delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting Cyp2e1 gene on subacute alcoholic liver injury in mice.@*METHODS@#siRNA targeting Cyp2e1 gene was encapsulated in LNP (si-Cyp2e1 LNP) by microfluidic technique and the resulting LNPs were characterized. The optimal dose of si-Cyp2e1 LNP administration was screened. Forty female C57BL/6N mice were randomly divided into blank control group, model control group, si-Cyp2e1 LNP group, LNP control group and metadoxine group. The subacute alcoholic liver injury mouse model was induced by ethanol feeding for 10 d plus ethanol gavage for the last 3 d. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities, and the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity as well as malondialdehyde, reactive oxygen species, glutathione, triacylglycerol, total cholesterol contents in liver tissue were measured in each group, and liver index was calculated. The expression of genes related to oxidative stress, lipid synthesis and inflammation in each group of mice were measured by realtime RT-PCR.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the model control group, the levels of liver index, serum ALT, AST activities, malondialdehyde, reactive oxygen species, triacylglycerol, total cholesterol contents in liver tissue decreased, but the SOD activity as well as glutathione increased in the si-Cyp2e1 LNP group (all P<0.01). Hematoxylin-eosin staining result showed disorganized hepatocytes with sparse cytoplasm and a large number of fat vacuoles and necrosis in the model control group, while the si-Cyp2e1 LNP group had uniformly sized and arranged hepatocytes with normal liver tissue morphology and structure. Oil red O staining result showed si-Cyp2e1 LNP group had lower fat content of the liver compared to the model control group (P<0.01), and no fat droplets accumulated. Anti-F4/80 monoclonal antibody fluorescence immunohistochemistry showed that the si-Cyp2e1 LNP group had lower cumulative optical density values compared to the model control group (P<0.01) and no significant inflammatory reaction. Compared with the model control group, the expression of catalytic genes P47phox, P67phox and Gp91phox were reduced (all P<0.01), while the expression of the antioxidant enzyme genes Sod1, Gsh-rd and Gsh-px were increased (all P<0.01). The mRNA expression of the lipid metabolism genes Pgc-1α and Cpt1 were increased (all P<0.01) and the lipid synthesis-related genes Srebp1c, Acc and Fasn were decreased (all P<0.01); the expression of liver inflammation-related genes Tgf-β, Tnf-α and Il-6 were decreased (all P<0.01).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The si-Cyp2e1 LNP may attenuate subacute alcoholic liver injury in mice mainly by reducing reactive oxygen levels, increasing antioxidant activity, blocking oxidative stress pathways and reducing ethanol-induced steatosis and inflammation.

Multi-omics analysis of regulating effects of hyperoside on lipid metabolism in high-fat diet mice / 生理学报

The aim of this study was to explore the regulating effects of hyperoside (Hyp) on lipid metabolism in high-fat diet mice. The high-fat diet mouse model was established by high-fat diet induction. After 5 weeks of Hyp intragastric administration in high-fat diet mice, the serum lipid levels before and after Hyp administration were measured by the corresponding kits. The tissue structure of mouse liver was observed by HE staining before and after Hyp administration. The changes of intestinal flora and transcriptome were measured by Illumina platforms. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to determine non-targeted metabolites. The results showed that Hyp significantly reduced lipid levels in the high-fat diet mice and effectively restored the external morphology and internal structure of liver tissue. Hyp changed the species composition of the intestinal flora in high-fat diet mice, increased the abundance of beneficial flora such as Ruminococcus, and decreased the abundance of harmful flora such as Sutterella. Combined multi-omics analysis revealed that the effect of retinoic acid on lipid metabolism was significant in the high-fat diet mice treated with Hyp, while the increase of retinoic acid content was significantly negatively correlated with the expression of genes such as cyp1a2 and ugt1a6b, positively correlated with AF12 abundance, and significantly negatively correlated with unidentified_Desulfovibrionaceae abundance. These results suggest that Hyp may modulate the abundance of AF12, unidentified_Desulfovibrionaceae and inhibit the expression of genes such as cyp1a2 and ugt1a6b, thus increasing the content of retinoic acid and regulating lipid metabolism in the high-fat diet mice.

Development and in vivo evaluation of lipid-based nanocarriers containing Jatropha isabellei dry extract from the dichloromethane fraction intended for oral treatment of arthritic diseases

In this study, a dichloromethane fraction dry extract from the underground parts of Jatropha isabellei (DFJi) was used to prepare lipid nanocarriers (LNCJi) aimed at providing the oral delivery of terpenic compounds in the treatment of arthritis. The lipid nanocarriers were prepared by the spontaneous emulsification method. The lipid nanocarriers displayed sizes ranging from 180 to 200 nm and zeta potential values of around -18 mV. A high value of entrapment efficiency (> 90%) was obtained for jatrophone, which was used as the chemical marker of DFJi. LNCJi stored at 4°C were demonstrated to be stable through measurements of transmitted light after analytical centrifugation of the samples. In vitro drug release studies conducted in biorelevant dissolution media demonstrated that jatrophone release was faster from LNCJi than from free DFJi. When tested in an acute arthritis model, the LNCJi exhibited antinociceptive properties after oral administration of a 50 mg/kg dose, unlike the free DFJi, although no reduction in articular diameter was observed. These results suggest that an increase in the oral absorption of DFJi constituents may have occurred through the carrying of this fraction in LNCJi, thus improving the antinociceptive activity of this compound

Metabolismo e função das lipoproteínas de alta densidade (HDL) em indivíduos idosos: efeito da presença de diabetes mellitustipo 2 e doença coronária obstrutiva / Metabolism and function of high density lipoprotein (HDL) in the elderly: effects of type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease

Introdução: A doença arterial coronária (DAC) decorrente da aterosclerose é uma das principais causas de comprometimento do envelhecimento saudável e sobrevida do idoso.Entre os principais fatores de risco da DAC estão o diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM) e as dislipidemias. O HDL-colesterol baixo é fator de risco importante, mas aspectos funcionais e metabólicos da HDL devem ser avaliados, já que esta lipoproteína tem várias ações anti-aterogênicas. Neste sentido, a transferência de lípides de outras lipoproteínas para a HDL, mediada pela proteína de transferência de ésteres de colesterol (CETP), é passo importante na formação e metabolismo da HDL e está relacionada com a presença de DAC. Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto da idade nas transferências de lípides para HDL e outros parâmetros relacionados com o metabolismo da HDL em indivíduos idosos e as mudanças nesses parâmetros em idosos com DAC e com DAC e DM. Métodos: Foram estudados 25 jovens (JOV), 35 idosos sem DAC e sem DM (IDS), 35 idosos com DAC (IDS-DAC) e 34 idosos com DAC e DM (IDS-DAC-DM). Foram determinados perfil lipídico e apolipoproteínas plasmáticas, concentração plasmática da CETP e da lecitina-colesterol aciltransferase (LCAT), composição lipídica e diâmetro da HDL e marcadores inflamatórios. A transferência de colesterol esterificado e livre, fosfolípides e triglicérides para a HDL foi realizada por ensaio "in vitro" com uma nanopartícula marcada com lípides radioativos como partícula doadora de lípides. Após a precipitação química das outras lipoproteínas e da nanopartícula doadora, o sobrenadante contendo HDL foi separadoe medida a radioatividade. Resultados: IDS apresentou IMC maior que JOV. LDL-colesterol e não-HDL-colesterol, IL-6 e IL-8 foram mais altos, IL-1ß mais baixo e a transferência de fosfolípides para a HDL foi maior em IDS do que em JOV, mas as diferenças desapareceram quando corrigidas pelo IMC. Entre IDS-DAC e IDS não houve diferenças nos lípides plasmáticos, mas no IDS-DAC a transferência de colesterol livre, triglicérides e fosfolípides foi menor e a de colesterol esterificado foi maior. A concentração de CETP foi maior no IDS-DAC, onde houve maior % de colesterol esterificado e triglicérides e menor % de fosfolípides na HDL. Em IDS-DAC-DM, apoB foi maior que em IDS-DAC, mas LDL-colesterol foi igual. Houve menor transferência de colesterol esterificado em IDS-DAC-DM comparado a IDS-DAC e maior de fosfolípides. IDS-DAC-DM teve CETP mais baixa e LCAT mais alta do que IDS-DAC. Em IDS-DAC-DM houve menor proporção de colesterol esterificado e livre e maior de fosfolípides na HDL. Marcadores inflamatórios não diferiram entre IDS-DAC-DM e IDS-DAC. Conclusões: As alterações nos parâmetros de transferência de lípides sinalizaram tanto a presença de DAC nos idosos quanto diferenciaram idosos com DAC associada a DM daqueles apenas com DAC. A redução da transferência de colesterol livre nos idosos com DAC é aterogênica, como foi mostrado em trabalho anteriorem indivíduos de 40-50 anos com DAC precoce. Esses dados podem ter aplicação tanto na prevenção quanto na terapêutica da DAC, por meio de medicamentos que modulem a transferência de lípides para a HDL e assim melhorem a função anti-aterogênica desta lipoproteína

Introduction: Coronary artery disease (CAD) resulting from atherosclerosis is one of the main causes of compromised healthy aging and lifespan in elderly people. Amongst the main risk factors for CAD are type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and dyslipidemias. Low HDL-cholesterol is an important risk factor, but functional and metabolic aspects of HDL must be evaluated, since this lipoprotein has several anti-atherogenic actions. In this regard, lipid transfer from other lipoproteins to HDL, mediated by cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), is an important step towards the formation and metabolism of HDL and is related to the presence of CAD. Objective: To evaluate the impact of age in lipid transfer to HDL and other parameters related to HDL metabolism in elderly individuals and the changes in these parameters in elderly individuals with CAD and with CAD and DM. Methods: 25 young (YOUNG), 35 elderly without CAD and DM (ELDERLY), 35 elderly with CAD (ELDERLY-CAD) and 34 elderly with CAD and DM (ELDERLY-CAD-DM) subjects were studied. The lipid profile, the apolipoprotein, CETP and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) plasma concentration,theHDL lipid composition and diameter and inflammatory markers were evaluated.The transfer of esterified and free cholesterol, phospholipids and triglycerides to HDL was assayed in vitro with a donor lipid nanoparticle labeled with radioactive lipids.After chemical precipitation of the other lipoproteins and the donor lipid nanoparticle, the supernatant containing HDL was separated and the radioactivity was measured. Results: ELDERLY presented greater BMI than YOUNG. LDL-cholesterol and non-HDL-cholesterol, IL-6 and IL-8 were higher, IL-1ß was lower and phospholipid transfer to HDL was higher in ELDERLY than in YOUNG, but the differences disappeared when corrected by BMI. There were no differences in plasmatic lipids between ELDERLY-CAD and ELDERLY, but in ELDERLY-CAD the transfer of free cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids was lower and of esterified cholesterol was higher. CETP concentration was higher in ELDERLY-CAD, where there was higher % of esterified cholesterol and triglycerides and lower % of phospholipids in HDL. In ELDERLY-CAD-DM, apo B was higher than in ELDERLY-CAD, but LDL-cholesterol was equal. There was lower transfer of esterified cholesterol in ELDERLY-CAD-DM compared to ELDERLY-CAD and higher transfer of phospholipids. ELDERLY-CAD-DM had lower CETP and higher LCAT than ELDERLY-CAD. In ELDERLY-CAD-DM there was a smaller proportion of esterified and free cholesterol and greater proportion of phospholipids in HDL. Inflammatory markers did not differ between ELDERLY-CAD-DM and ELDERLY-CAD. Conclusions: The alterations in the parameters of lipid transfer not only signalled the presence of CAD in the elderly but also differentiated the elderly with CAD and DM from those with CAD only. The reduction of free cholesterol transfer in the elderly with CAD is atherogenic, as shown in a previous work on individuals of 40-50 years of agewith precocious CAD. This data may be applied both to the prevention and the therapeutics of CAD, by means of medicines that modulate lipid transfer to HDL and thus improve the anti-atherogenic function of this lipoprotein

Uptake of DNA by cancer cells without a transfection reagent

BACKGROUND: Cancer cells exhibit elevated levels of glucose uptake and may obtain pre-formed, diet-derived fatty acids from the bloodstream to boost their rapid growth; they may also use nucleic acid from their microenvironment. The study of processing nucleic acid by cancer cells will help improve the understanding of the metabolism of cancer. DNA is commonly packaged into a viral or lipid particle to be transferred into cells; this process is called transfection in laboratory. Cancer cells are known for having gene mutations and the evolving ability of endocytosis. Their uptake of DNAs might be different from normal cells; they may take in DNAs directly from the environment. In this report, we studied the uptake of DNAs in cancer cells without a transfection reagent. METHODS: A group of DNA fragments were prepared with PCR and labeled with isotope phosphorous-32 to test their uptake by Huh 7 (liver cancer) and THLE3 (normal liver cells) after incubation overnight by counting radioactivity of the cells' genomic DNA. Multiple cell lines including breast cancer and lung cancer were tested with the same method. DNA molecules were also labeled with fluorescence to test the location in the cells using a kit of "label it fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)" from Mirus (USA). RESULTS: The data demonstrated that hepatocellular carcinoma cells possess the ability to take in large DNA fragments directly without a transfection reagent whereas normal liver cells cannot. Huh7 and MDA-MB231 cells displayed a significantly higher Rhodamine density in the cytoplasmic phagosomes and this suggests that the mechanism of uptake of large DNA by cancer cells is likely endocytosis. The efficacy of uptake is related to the DNA's size. Some cell lines of lung cancer and breast cancer also showed similar uptake of DNA. CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, we have revealed the evidence that some cancer cells, but not nontumorigenic cells, can take DNA fragments directly from the environment without the aid of the transfecting reagent.

Assessment of nursing care using indicators generated by software / Avaliação da assistência de enfermagem utilizando indicadores gerados por um software / Evaluación de la asistencia de enfermería utilizando indicadores generados por un software

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the efficacy of the Nursing Process in an Intensive Care Unit using indicators generated by software. METHOD: cross-sectional study using data collected for four months. RNs and students daily registered patients, took history (at admission), performed physical assessments, and established nursing diagnoses, nursing plans/prescriptions, and assessed care delivered to 17 patients using software. Indicators concerning the incidence and prevalence of nursing diagnoses, rate of effectiveness, risk diagnoses, and rate of effective prevention of complications were computed. RESULTS: the Risk for imbalanced body temperature was the most frequent diagnosis (23.53%), while the least frequent was Risk for constipation (0%). The Risk for Impaired skin integrity was prevalent in 100% of the patients, while Risk for acute confusion was the least prevalent (11.76%). Risk for constipation and Risk for impaired skin integrity obtained a rate of risk diagnostic effectiveness of 100%. The rate of effective prevention of acute confusion and falls was 100%. CONCLUSION: the efficacy of the Nursing Process using indicators was analyzed because these indicators reveal how nurses have identified patients' risks and conditions, and planned care in a systematized manner. .

OBJETIVO: analisar a eficácia do Processo de Enfermagem em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva, utilizando indicadores gerados por um software. MÉTODO: estudo transversal, cujos dados foram coletados durante quatro meses. Enfermeiros e acadêmicos realizaram, diariamente, cadastro e anamnese (na admissão), exame físico, diagnósticos de enfermagem, planejamento/prescrição de enfermagem e avaliação da assistência de 17 pacientes, utilizando um software. Calculou-se os indicadores incidência e prevalência de diagnósticos de enfermagem, taxa de efetividade diagnóstica de risco e taxa de efetividade na prevenção de complicações. RESULTADOS: o Risco de desequilíbrio na temperatura corporal foi o diagnóstico mais incidente (23,53%) e o menos incidente foi o Risco de constipação (0%). O Risco de integridade da pele prejudicada foi prevalente em 100% dos pacientes, enquanto o Risco de confusão aguda foi o menos prevalente (11,76%). Risco de constipação e Risco de integridade da pele prejudicada obtiveram taxa de efetividade diagnóstica de risco de 100%. A taxa de efetividade na prevenção de confusão aguda e de queda foi de 100%. CONCLUSÃO: analisou-se a eficácia do Processo de Enfermagem utilizando indicadores, pois retratam como o enfermeiro tem identificado os problemas e riscos do paciente, e planejado a assistência de forma sistematizada. .

OBJETIVO: analizar la eficacia del Proceso de Enfermería en una Unidad de Terapia Intensiva, utilizando indicadores generados por un software. MÉTODO: estudio transversal, cuyos datos fueron recolectados durante cuatro meses. Enfermeros y académicos realizaron, diariamente, registro y anamnesis (en la admisión), examen físico, diagnósticos de enfermería, planificación/prescripción de enfermería y evaluación de la asistencia en 17 pacientes, utilizando un software. Se calculó los indicadores incidencia y prevalencia de diagnósticos de enfermería, la tasa de efectividad diagnóstica de riesgo y la tasa de efectividad en la prevención de complicaciones. RESULTADOS: el Riesgo de desequilibrio en la temperatura corporal fue el diagnóstico más prevalente (23,53%) y el menos prevalente fue el Riesgo de constipación (0%). El Riesgo de integridad de la piel perjudicada fue prevalente en 100% de los pacientes, en cuanto el Riesgo de confusión aguda fue el menos prevalente (11,76%). El Riesgo de constipación y el Riesgo de integridad de la piel perjudicada obtuvieron una tasa de efectividad diagnóstica de riesgo de 100%. La tasa de efectividad en la prevención de confusión aguda y de caída fue de 100%. CONCLUSIÓN: se analizó la eficacia del Proceso de Enfermería utilizando indicadores, ya que retratan cómo el enfermero ha identificado los problemas y riesgos del paciente, y planificado la asistencia de forma sistematizada. .

Estudo da produção de biomassa e lipídios no cultivo de Neochloris oleoabundans sob diferentes condições de estresse nutricional e físico / Investigation on biomass and lipids accumulation in Neochloris oleoabundans cultivation under different nutritional and phisical stress conditions

As microalgas são candidatas promissoras para a produção em larga escala de biocombustíveis devido a sua alta eficiência fotossintética. No entanto, os custos relativamente altos de produção por baixas produtividades em lipídios têm sido um dos principais obstáculos que impedem sua produção comercial. Portanto, é necessário focar a pesquisa no aumento da biomassa e na produtividade em lipídios, através do desenvolvimento de biorreatores e técnicas de cultivo inovadoras. Numa primeira fase, este estudo mostra a otimização dos regimes de adição de nutrientes no cultivo de Neochloris oleoabundans em fotobiorreatores tubulares, determinando que a melhor metodologia de adição de CO2 é adicionando-o de forma intermitente e automatizada, enquanto que o melhor processo de alimentação de nitrogênio é por meio de um processo em batelada alimentada tomando como uma referência a produtividade diária de biomassa. Na segunda etapa, foi testada a influência de agentes estressores adicionados ao cultivo sob carência de nitrogênio, tais como tiossulfato de sódio como agente redutor e cloreto de sódio e glicerina como agentes de choque osmótico, buscando um acúmulo de lipídios na biomassa. Os resultados mostraram que o tiossulfato de sódio em 1,2 mM e o cloreto de sódio em 2,2 mM aumentaram o total de lipídios em 21% e 25%, respectivamente. Finalmente, foram testados diferentes regimes de luz, com um esquema 12:12, sendo 12 horas de luz fluorescente e 12 horas com um sistema distinto: escuro, diodos emissores de luz (LED) vermelha e LED branca. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com LED branca, com um acúmulo de lipídios de até 27% da biomassa seca e uma concentração final de células de 2335mg/L, estabelecendo assim um método de iluminação econômica com alta produtividade (145mg / L dia)

Microalgae are promising candidates for large-scale global biofuel production because of their high photosynthetic efficiency. However, relatively high production costs due to low lipid productivity have been one of the major obstacles impeding their commercial production. Therefore, it is necessary to accurate the research into an increase in biomass and oil productivity, by means of novel bioreactors' design and cultivation techniques. On a first stage, this study shows the optimization of nutrients' addition regimes in Neochloris oleoabundans cultivation in tubular photobioreactors, finding that the best CO2 addition methodology is an automatized intermittent adding and the best feeding process for nitrogen is a fed-batch process taking as a reference the daily biomass productivity. On the second step, it was tested the influence of stressing agents added to the culture under nitrogen starvation, such as sodium thiosulphate for reducing environment and sodium chloride and glycerol for osmotic shock, aiming lipid accumulation in the biomass. The results showed that sodium thiosulphate at 1,2mM and sodium chloride at 2,2mM raised the total lipids up to 21% and 25% respectively. Finally, there were tested different light regimes, with a scheme 12:12, being 12 hours of fluorescent light and 12 hours of a singular system: dark, red light-emitting-diodes (LED) and white LED. The best results were obtained with white LED, with an accumulation up to 27% of dry biomass and a final cell concentration up to 2335mg/L, establishing an economic illumination method with high productivity

Self-emulsifying therapeutic system: a potential approach for delivery of lipophilic drugs / Sistema terapêutico auto-emulsionável: uma abordagem potencial para a entrega dos fármacos lipofílicos

Self-emulsifying therapeutic system (SETs) provide an effective and intelligent solution to the various issues related to the formulation of hydrophobic drugs with limited solubility in gastrointestinal fluid. Although the potential utility of SETs is well known, only in recent years has a mechanistic understanding of the impact of these systems on drug disposition emerged. These in situ emulsion-forming systems have a high stability when incorporated in various dosage forms. SETs are being looked upon as systems which can overcome the problems associated with delivery of poorly water soluble drugs. An in-depth knowledge about lipids and surfactants that can contribute to these systems, criterion for their selection and the proportion in which they can be used, represent some crucial factors determining the in vivo performance of these systems. This article presents a comprehensive account of various types of self-emulsifying formulations with emphasis on their composition and examples of currently marketed preparations.

O sistema terapêutico auto-emulsionante (SETs) fornece solução eficaz e inteligente para os vários problemas relativos à formulação de fármacos hidrofóbicos com solubilidade limitada no fluido gastrintestinal. Embora a utilidade potencial dos SETs seja bem conhecida, só recentemente se compreendeu, mecanisticamente,o impacto desses sistemas na disposição de fármacos. Estes sistemas de formação de emulsão in situ têm alta estabilidade, quando incorporados em várias formas de dosagem. Os SETs têm sido considerados como sistemas que podem resolver problemas associados à liberação de fármacos pouco solúveis em água. O conhecimento profundo dos lipídios e tensoativos que podem ser utilizados para estes sistemas e o critério para a sua seleção e proporção na qual eles são utilizados são alguns dos fatores cruciais que determinam o desempenho do sistema in vivo. Este artigo apresenta o relato abrangente de vários tipos de formulações auto-emulsificantes, com ênfase em sua composição e exemplos das preparações que são correntemente comercializadas.

Efecto del extracto acuoso de Aloe vera (L) N L Burm sobre indicadores lipídicos de suero de conejo / Effect of the water extract from Aloe vera (L) N L Burm on rabbit serum lipids

Introducción: trabajos realizados con extracto acuoso y gel hojas de Aloe vera (L) N L Burm, administrados a ratones en un modelo de hiperlipidemia aguda inducida con tritón, demostraron un efecto protector al incremento de los lípidos. Objetivos: estudiar el efecto de la administración a dosis repetida de extracto acuoso de A. vera sobre los indicadores lipídicos de suero de conejo. Métodos: conejos machos Nueva Zelandia fueron tratados con extractos acuosos de A. vera a las dosis de 17 y 34 mg/kg de peso corporal, sobre la base de sólidos totales durante 6 semanas, también se incluyó un grupo control sin tratamiento, el peso corporal, colesterol total, HDL-colesterol, LDL colesterol y triglicéridos fueron determinados al inicio y al final del período del experimento. Resultados: se encontró una disminución significativa del colesterol, LDL colesterol y triglicéridos en suero de los animales tratados con la dosis de 34 mg/kg de extracto acuoso al final del experimento, pero el HDL-colesterol no mostró variaciones. Conclusiones: la administración de extracto acuoso de A. vera a conejo durante 6 semanas causó una disminución significativa de los lípidos en suero.

Introduction: the research works conducted with water extract and gel from Aloe vera (L.) N. L. Burm., administered to mice in a triton-induced acute hyperlipidemia pattern, showed a protective effect against the increase of lipids. Objectives: to study the effect of administration of water extract from A. vera at repeated doses on the lipid indicators of rabbit serum. Methods: male New Zealand rabbits were treated with water extracts from Aloe vera at doses of 17 and 34 mg/kg of bodyweight, on the basis of whole solids for 6 weeks. An untreated control group was included. Body weight, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides were determined at the beginning and at the end of the experimental period. Results: it was found that cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides significantly decreased in serum of animals treated with 34 mg/kg dose of the water extract at the end of the experiment, however, the HDL-cholesterol did not show any variation. Conclusions: the administration of water extract from Aloe vera to a rabbit for 6 weeks significantly reduced serum lipids.

Complicaciones y sus factores asociados en la nutrición parenteral total en neonatos: Servicio de Neonatología Hospital Central de San Cristóbal julio-septiembre 2002 / Complications and associated factors in total parenteral nutrition in neonates: Department of Neonatology Hospital Central de San Cristóbal july-september 2002

La nutrición parenteral (NP) es una técnica adecuada, pero no fisiológica, que permite administrar macro y micronutrientes y calorías directamente a través de la circulación sistémica. Sin embargo, aunque la NPT sea un método adecuado de soporte nutricional, no está exento de complicaciones. Algunos autores, han descrito las complicaciones de tipo metabólicas e infecciosas como las más frecuentes en el período neonatal y otros estudios han destacado además diversas complicaciones de tipo mecánico, relacionadas con la colocación de los catéteres. Determinar las complicaciones que se presentan en los recién nacidos que ameritan nutrición parenteral, hospitalizados en la Unidad de Recién Nacidos y en la Unidad de Patología Neonatal del Hospital Central de San Cristóbal e identificar los factores de riesgo asociados. Se implementó un estudio prospectivo, longitudinal, descriptivo y observacional, con un intervalo de tres meses para selección de la muestra. Durante este tiempo, se obtuvieron muestras de 36 pacientes, de los cuales todos fueron estudidos. El criterio final de inclusión para cada paciente lo constituyó la indicación de la NPT. El tiempo promedio de administración fue de 8 días; 26 (72 por ciento) de los neonatos eran prematuros. En 26 por ciento (72 por ciento) se encontraron complicaciones y de ellas las más frecuentes fueron las metabólicas. No se encontró correlación significativa entre los factores de riesgo y la aparición de complicaciones por administración de NPT. No se encontró una asociación significativa entre los factores de riesgo y las complicaciones, aunque la mayor parte de neonatos complicados resultaron prematuros con indicación prolongada de NPT. Es necesaria mayor vigilancia en todos los procedimientos relacionados con la administración de NPT, en especial para pacientes prematuros y en los que se administre por tiempo prolongado.

Human placental lipid induces mitogenesis and melanogenesis in B16F10 melanoma cells.

A hydroalcoholic extract of fresh term human placenta was found to be mitogenic as well as melanogenic on B16F10 mouse melanoma in an in vitro culture. The extract, a reservoir of a large number of bioactive molecules, was resolved to get the lipid fraction. Its activity was evaluated on B16F10 mouse melanoma by assessing the change in cellular morphology, growth and melanin induction. The lipid fraction, placental total lipid fraction (PTLF) tested in the study employed doses of 0 01 to 200 microg/ml; optimum growth and melanization accompanied by morphological changes were recorded at 10 and 100 microg/ml respectively. At intermediate doses growth and melanization were found to show a pattern of change over between growth and melanization and finally reached at an inverse relation at the respective optimal dose of response. Compared with defined sphingolipids, C(2) ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate, the results were mostly corroborative. The duality of biological response of sphingolipids as reported in numerous studies was comparable for the PTLF suggesting that its active component is a sphingolipid and showing its use for pigment recovery in vitiligo.

Sistemas líquido-cristalinos monoleína/água para liberação de fármacos: cinética de liberação e permeação cutânea "in vitro" / Liquid-crystals systems of monoolein/water of drugs release: kinetic of skin release and permeation \"in vitro\"

Sistemas líquido-cristalinos monoleína/água podem ser propostos como sistemas de liberação transdérmica devido a sua capacidade de sustentar a liberação de fármacos, bem como facilitar sua permeação cutânea devido ao efeito promotor de absorção cutânea apresentado pela monoleína. Os sistemas de monoleína/água foram caracterizados em função do teor de água, temperatura e presença de um fármaco modelo (ácido salicílico) identificando-se as fases líquido-cristalinas formadas em diferentes condições. Matrizes de monoleína com vários teores iniciais de água apresentaram intumescimento quando em contato com água, e o mesmo foi avaliado gravimetricamente, apresentando cinética segunda ordem...

Role of lipids in ethanol tolerance of Candida lambica.

Candida lambica with a moderate ethanol tolerance could grow in presence of ethanol up to 8% (v/v). In presence of increasing concentrations of ethanol, fatty acids were increased while phospholipids were decreased in lipid samples extracted from the organism. Supplementation of different lipids to the growth medium enabled the yeast to restore its growth in presence of 9% (v/v) ethanol.

Selección de fuentes optimas de lípidos en nutrición enteral y parental

El manejo de la ingesta de grasa alimenticia puede afectar la respuesta a enfermedades, traumas e infección. Estos efectos incluyen el mejoramiento o la inhibición de la función inmune, susceptibilidad alterada a la enfermedad cardiovascular, promoción o mantenimiento de la integridad del intestino y prevención de la disfunción hepática inducida por la nutrición parental total. Estos efectos pueden ocurrir como resultado de los cambios en la composición de ácido graso de las biomembranas o acambios en la concentración de medios lípidos tales como prostaglandinas o leucotrienos. Estas grasas, que afectan la función fisiológica incluyen los ácidos grasos de cadena Larga, cadena media y cadena corta y los ácidos grasos w-3 y w-6. Los productos enterales y parentales que actualmente están disponibles y que se utilizan como esquema de soporte nutricional en un paciente individual requiere una comprensión del metabolismo de estos diferentes sustratos de grasa, sus indicaciones terapéuticas y las contraindicaciones y polémica que gira a su alrededor, acreca de su uso. Este artículo revisa estos asuntos y también varias fuentes alternativas de lípidos tales como ácidos grasos de cadena corta y cadena media, ácidos grasos w-3 y w-6, y lípidos mezclados y estructurados.

Effect of topical levobunolol on plasma lipids

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of topical levobunolol 0.5% [non selective beta blocker] on plasma lipid levels. Fifteen glaucomatous patients not using any medications known to alter the plasma lipid levels, non diabetic or obese were selected. These patients used topical levobunolol 0.5% in both eyes twice daily for treatment of glaucoma for three months, they were subjected to measurements of their IOP. C/D ratio, heart rate, blood pressure, body weight and fasting plasma lipid levels before treatment and monthly for three months. We found that, topical levobunolol 0.5% is effective in controlling IOP but on the other hand there was a 50% increase in triglycerides. 20% decrease in high density lipoprotein, 15% increase in total lipids while there were no significant changes in total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein. These changes are known to increase the risk of coronary heart disease and shift the patients to the high risk category

Mast Cell Degranulation with Special Reference to the Effect of Lipid Administration upon the Mesenteric Mast Cell of Albino Rats

Morphological effects of degranulation upon me-senteric mast cells of albino rats (SPrague-Dawley strain) by means of lipid administration were studied. An evident degranulation of metachromatic granules from mesenteric tissue mast cells was observed in more than half of experimental rats which were intraperitoneally given 10cc of stearic monoglyceride suspension in warm Tyrode solution (5Omg. of stearic monoglyceride in 10cc of Tyrode solution). A fairly light degranulation of metachro-matic granules from mesenteric mast cells was also displayed by the rats fed ad libitum with butter for 6 hours after being deprived of food for 24 hours.